Retrograde Moon?
Almost all the planets and satellites in the solar system rotate in
the same direction as they revolve. However, there are some notable
exceptions. For example, radar measurements made in 1961 showed that
the planet Venus not only rotates very slowly (one rotation taking
243 days, so the "day" on Venus is actually longer than the "year"),
but that the direction of rotation is retrograde, i.e., it rotates
in the opposite direction to its orbital revolution. No one really
knows why Venus has such an unusual rotation. I believe Pluto also
has retrograde rotation.
Anyway, this got me wondering about our own Moon. Of course, the
Moon (presently) rotates in the same direction as it revolves, and
it is gravitationally locked into a 1:1 synchronization because
the "tides" in the formerly molten rock have cooled and solidified,
and the resulting elipsoidal shape is permamently oriented with its
major axis pointing toward the earth. (This type of gravitational
synchronization is fairly common in the solar system, almost always
with a ratio of 1:1. The exception is Mercury, whose rotation is
locked in a 3:2 coupling.)
However, it's believed that in former times the Moon rotated more
rapidly and was closer to the Earth. Over millions of years the
Moon's rotation was slowed due to the tidal drag (with energy being
disipated in friction with the constant reshaping of the Moon), and
to conserve angular momentum the radius of the Moon's orbit has
increased. So the point is that at some time in the past the Moon
had enough rotational momentum to spin it completely around relative
to the Earth. For a while it may have been locked in various other
rotation/revolution proportions like 3:2. But then one day it just
couldn't quite make it all the way around, so it's rotation (relative
to the rotating frame of its orbit around the Earth) actually stopped
and reversed itself, and it swung back the other way. Then it couldn't
quite get around that way either, so it "rang like a bell" for awhile
until the oscillations finally dissipated (although they aren't
completely gone, since the Moon still "librates" a little.)
This raises some interesting and perhaps unanswerable questions. The
first time the Moon was unable to complete it's rotation relative to
the Earth, did it then also fail to complete a rotation in the opposite
direction? Ideally one would think so, since the potential "hill" it
had to climb would be the same height in both directions, but with
variations in the Earth-Moon distance and non-ideal shapes, etc, it
isn't obvious to me that the Moon couldn't have successfully completed
a rotation in the retrograde direction (again, relative to the frame
of its orbit around the Earth).
But this raises an even more fundamental question: In which direction
was the Moon originally spinning? I have always presumed it was the
"forward" direction, but now that I think about it I'm not sure the
motion we observe today necessarily rules out the possibility that
the Moon originally had retrograde spin. If it's original spin had
been retrograde, tidal forces would have slowed its spin (relative to
the earth) just the same as it would if it had forward spin, and when
it finally couldn't quite complete a retrograde rotation relative to
the Earth, it would have gotten locked into a 1:1 orbit that (I think)
would be indistinguishable from what we observe today.
The only thing that might rule out the retrograde possibility is the
idea that the Moon was originally closer to the Earth, and it's been
moving farther away to conserve angular momentum. If the Moon originally
had retrograde spin then its slowing would (I think) tend to shrink the
Moon's orbit and bring it closer to the Earth. Of course, we know that
the Moon is slowly receeding today, but that is due to the slowing of
the Earth's rotation. The Moon's spin is already 1:1 so it no longer
has any secular changes in spin rate (aside from that due to the
slowing of the Earth's spin).
Assuming a retrograde Moon, it could still have been the case that the
Moon has been always receeding, because the slowing of the Earth's
rotation might be the dominant factor. On the other hand, even if the
Moon's spin is the biggest factor, I'm not sure what evidence we have
(aside from physical inferences based on the *assumption* of forward
Moon spin) to tell us that the Moon's mean distance has changed
monotonically. It's conceivable that the Moon was originally in a
more distant orbit with a retrograde spin, then approached as the
Moon's spin slowed, and now is receeding based on the slowing of the
Earth's spin.
I suppose the answer to these questions depends on the still
unresolved issue of the Moon's origin, i.e., was it co-formed
along with the Earth or was it formed elsewhere and then captured.
In any case, the example of Venus shows that retrograde spins are
not impossible. It's an interesting physics question to decide
whether it is possible, even in principle, for us to infer the
Moon's original direction of spin from it's present pattern of
motion.
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