Two Geophysical Coincidences
Which of the following two coincidences is more "impressive"?
(1) gT = c (The acceleration of gravity at the earth's
surface multiplied by one period of the
earth's orbit equals the speed of light).
(2) (D/d)s = (D/d)m (The diameter over the distance for the sun
equals the same ratio for the moon.)
Of course, these "equalities" are only approximate. Numerically we
have roughly
gT (D/d)s
---- = 1.0315 ---------- = 0.9604
c (D/d)m
I suppose coincidence (2) has been historically more impressive, since
the astonishing precision of the match is displayed so vividly during
solar eclipes. In contrast, it's hard to think of any physically
perceivable consequences of coincidence (1). On the other hand, the
appearance of the physical constant c in (1) seems quite remarkable.
An interesting related question is whether such coincidences are, in
effect, compounded by the fact that they apply to (and only to) our
own planet Earth, which is distinguished by several other seemingly
unique properties, not least of which is its being the only site (so
far as we know) of the spontaneous emergence of life.
Of course, it's exceedingly well known that trying to judge the
significance of events after they have occurred is a very tricky
undertaking. ("Something improbable is bound to happen.")
Nevertheless, the apprehension of "coincidences" is one of the
foundations (maybe THE foundation) of rational thought (as well
as much irrational thought.)
In any case, on the subject of coincidence (1), note that the orbital
periods and surface gravities of the nine planets are listed in the
table below.
T g
Time to Surface
complete gravity T*g T*g
one orbit (Earth (year- ---
(years) gravs) gravs) c
---------- ------- ------- -------
Mercury 0.241 0.380 0.09158 0.0943
Venus 0.615 0.900 0.55350 0.5701
Earth 1.000 1.000 1.00000 1.0300
Mars 1.881 0.380 0.71478 0.7362
Jupiter 11.860 2.640 31.31040 32.2497
Saturn 29.460 1.130 33.28980 34.2876
Uranus 84.010 0.890 74.76890 77.0119
Neptune 164.790 1.130 186.21270 191.7983
Pluto 248.500 0.050 12.25000 12.6175
The product T*g has units of velocity, so we can express
it in dimensionless form if we divide it by some standard
velocity, such as c (the speed of light). The right hand
column lists these dimensionless values for the nine
planets. As can be seen, Tg/c ranges from about 1/10
up to nearly 200.
For a planet of mass m and radius r in a roughly circular
orbit of radius R around a star of mass M, the surface
gravity is about g = Gm/r^2 (where G is Newton's
gravitational constant) and the period of revolution
is about T = 2pi r^(3/2) / sqrt(GM). Therefore, the
product gT for this hypothetical orbiting planet is
____
/ G / R \2
gT = 2pi m / --- ( --- )
\/ M R \ r /
For example, the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun
is about R = 1.49E+11 meters, the Earth's mass is about
m = 5.98E+24 kg, the Earth's radius is about r = 6.37E+06
meters, and the Sun's mass is about M = 2.0E+30 kg. Newton's
constant is 6.67E-11 Nm^2/kg^2, so we have gT approximately
3x10^8 m/sec, confirming that gT/c is about 1 for the Earth.
Are there any physical or biological reasons for us to
expect to find ourselves on a planet for which gT/c is
close to 1? Would there be any special obstacles to the
development of life on a planet orbiting a star if the value
of gT/c was as great as, say, 100, or as small as 1/100?
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