Piano Keys

        
If you've ever looked closely at a piano keyboard you may have 
noticed that the widths of the white keys are not all the same 
at the back ends (where they pass between the black keys).  Of 
course, if you think about it for a minute, it's clear they 
couldn't possibly all be the same width, assuming the black keys 
are all identical (with non-zero width) and the white keys all 
have equal widths at the front ends, because the only simultaneous
solution of 3W=3w+2b and 4W=4w+3b is with b=0.

After realizing this I started noticing different pianos and how 
they accommodate this little problem in linear programming.  Let W 
denote the widths of the white keys at the front, and let B denote 
the widths of the black keys.  Then let a, b,..., g (assigned to 
their musical equivalents) denote the widths of the white keys 
at the back.  Assuming a perfect fit, it's impossible to have 
a = b = ... = g.  The best you can do is try to minimize the 
greatest difference between any two of these keys.

One crude approach would be to set d=g=a=(W-B) and b=c=e=f=(W-B/2), 
which gives a maximum difference of B/2 between the widths of any 
two white keys (at the back ends).  This isn't a very good solution, 
and I've never seen an actual keyboard based on this pattern 
(although some cartoon pianos seems to have this pattern).  A better 
solution is to set a=b=c=e=f=g=(W-3B/4) and d=(W-B/2).  With this 
arrangement, all but one of the white keys have the same width at 
the back end, and the discrepancy of the "odd" key (the key of "d") 
is only B/4.  Some actual keyboards (e.g., the Roland HP-70) use 
this pattern.

Another solution is to set c=d=e=f=b=(W-2B/3) and g=a=(W-5B/6), 
which results in a maximum discrepancy of just B/6.  There are 
several other combinations that give this same maximum discrepancy, 
and actual keyboards based on this pattern are not uncommon.

If we set c=e=(W-5B/8) and a=b=d=f=g=(W-3B/4) we have a maximum 
discrepancy of only B/8, and quite a few actual pianos use this 
pattern as well.  However, the absolute optimum arrangement is to 
set c=d=e=(W-2B/3) and f=g=a=b=(W-3B/4), which gives a maximum 
discrepancy of just B/12.  This pattern is used on many keyboards, 
e.g. the Roland PC-100.

The "B/12 solution" is best possible, given that all the black keys 
are identical and all the white keys have equal widths at the front 
ends.  For practical manufacturing purposes this is probably the 
best approach.  However, suppose we relax those conditions and allow 
variations in the widths of the black keys and in the widths of the 
white keys at the front ends.  All we require is that the black 
keys (in total) are allocated 5/12 of the octave.  On this basis, 
what is the optimum arrangement, minimizing the maximum discrepancy 
between any two widths of the same type?

Let A, B,...G denote the front-end widths of the white keys, and 
let a#, c#, d#, f#, g# denote the widths of the black keys.  I 
believe the optimum arrangement is given by dividing the octave 
into 878472 units, and then setting

 f=g=a=b=72156 units      c=d=e=74606 units      discrepancy=2450

 f#=g#=a#=72520 units     c#=d#=74235 units      discrepancy=1715

 F=G=A=B=126546 units     C=D=E=124096 units     discrepancy=2450

The maximum discrepancy between any two widths of the same class is 
1/29.88 of the width of the average black key, which is less than 
half the discrepancy for the "B/12 solution".  

The max discrepancy is 1/358.56 of the total octave for the white 
keys, and 1/512.22 for the black keys.  Since an octave is normally 
about 6.5 inches, the max discrepancy is about 0.0181 inches for the 
white keys and 0.0127 inches for the black keys.  (One peculiar fact 
about this optimum arrangement is that the median point of the octave, 
the boundary between f and f#, is exactly 444444 units up from the 
start of the octave.)