Congruences on 4th Order Recurrences
Given a fourth order linear recurrence relation for which the
resolvant cubic of the characteristic polynomial has a rational
root, it's possible to derive explicit congruence conditions
(mod p) for the p-th terms of the solution sequence. For example,
consider the sequence of integers given by the recurrence formula
s(n) = 2s(n-1) - 4s(n-3) - 2s(n-4)
with the arbitrarily chosen initial values s(0)=s(1)=s(2)=s(3)=1.
Notice that s(31) equals 1107179136 which is divisible by 31. It
can be shown that 31 is the ONLY prime p for which s(p) is divisible
by p.
More generally, we can find all the primes p such that s(p) is
congruent to some particular value, say 6000, modulo p. For
this sequence it turns out that s(p) = 6000 (mod p) if and only
if p is one of the five primes 29, 857, 1291, 36012017, or 58461031.
Using the recurrence formula defined above but with the new initial
values s(0)=37, s(1)=19, s(2)=43, and s(3)=101, suppose I have an
encryption system and the key is known to be the largest prime p
such that s(p)=5000 (mod p). How difficult would it be for someone
to determine the key?
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